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墨卡托投影　　墨卡托(Mercator)投影，又名“等角正轴圆柱投影”，荷兰地图学家墨卡托（Mercator）在1569年拟定，假设地球被围在一个中空的圆柱里，其赤道与圆柱相接触，">
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墨卡托投影　　墨卡托(Mercator)投影，又名“等角正轴圆柱投影”，荷兰地图学家墨卡托（Mercator）在1569年拟定，假设地球被围在一个中空的圆柱里，其赤道与圆柱相接触，">
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墨卡托投影　　墨卡托(Mercator)投影，又名“等角正轴圆柱投影”，荷兰地图学家墨卡托（Mercator）在1569年拟定，假设地球被围在一个中空的圆柱里，其赤道与圆柱相接触，">
  
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      Google Maps地图投影全解析
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        <h2 id="u7B80_u4ECB"><a href="#u7B80_u4ECB" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</h2><p>　　Google Maps、Virtual Earth等网络地理所使用的地图投影，常被称作Web Mercator或Spherical Mercator，它与常规墨卡托投影的主要区别就是把地球模拟为球体而非椭球体。</p>
<h2 id="u58A8_u5361_u6258_u6295_u5F71"><a href="#u58A8_u5361_u6258_u6295_u5F71" class="headerlink" title="墨卡托投影"></a>墨卡托投影</h2><p>　　墨卡托(Mercator)投影，又名“等角正轴圆柱投影”，荷兰地图学家墨卡托（Mercator）在1569年拟定，假设地球被围在一个中空的圆柱里，其赤道与圆柱相接触，然后再假想地球中心有一盏灯，把球面上的图形投影到圆柱体上，再把圆柱体展开，这就是一幅标准纬线为零度（即赤道）的“墨卡托投影”绘制出的世界地图。从球到平面，有个转换公式，这里就不再罗列</p>
<h2 id="Google_u9009_u62E9_u58A8_u5361_u6258_u6295_u5F71_u539F_u56E0"><a href="#Google_u9009_u62E9_u58A8_u5361_u6258_u6295_u5F71_u539F_u56E0" class="headerlink" title="Google选择墨卡托投影原因"></a>Google选择墨卡托投影原因</h2><p>　　墨卡托投影的“等角”特性，保证了对象的形状的不变行，正方形的物体投影后不会变为长方形。“等角”也保证了方向和相互位置的正确性，因此在航海和航空中常常应用，而Google们在计算人们查询地物的方向时不会出错。<br>　　墨卡托投影的“圆柱”特性，保证了南北（纬线）和东西（经线）都是平行直线，并且相互垂直。而且经线间隔是相同的，纬线间隔从标准纬线（此处是赤道，也可能是其他纬线）向两级逐渐增大。<br>但是，“等角”不可避免的带来的面积的巨大变形，特别是两极地区，明显的如格陵兰岛比实际面积扩大了N倍。不过要是去两极地区探险或科考的同志们，一般有更详细的资料，不会来查看网络地图的，这个不要紧。<img src="/images/5f22f2e219a.jpeg" alt="5f22f2e219a.jpeg"></p>
<h2 id="u5706_u5F62_u7403_u4F53_uFF0C_u975E_u692D_u7403_u4F53"><a href="#u5706_u5F62_u7403_u4F53_uFF0C_u975E_u692D_u7403_u4F53" class="headerlink" title="圆形球体，非椭球体"></a>圆形球体，非椭球体</h2><p>　　仅仅是由于实现的方便和计算上的简单，精度理论上差别0.33%之内，特别是比例尺越大，地物更详细的时候，差别基本可以忽略。</p>
<h2 id="Web_u58A8_u5361_u6258_u6295_u5F71_u5750_u6807_u7CFB"><a href="#Web_u58A8_u5361_u6258_u6295_u5F71_u5750_u6807_u7CFB" class="headerlink" title="Web墨卡托投影坐标系"></a>Web墨卡托投影坐标系</h2><p>　　以整个世界范围，赤道作为标准纬线，本初子午线作为中央经线，两者交点为坐标原点，向东向北为正，向西向南为负。<br>　　X轴：由于赤道半径为6378137米，则赤道周长为2<em>PI</em>r = 2*20037508.3427892，因此X轴的取值范围：[-20037508.3427892,20037508.3427892]。<br>　　Y轴：由墨卡托投影的公式可知，同时上图也有示意，当纬度φ接近两极，即90°时，y值趋向于无穷。这是那些“懒惰的工程师”就把Y轴的取值范围也限定在[-20037508.3427892,20037508.3427892]之间，搞个正方形。<br>　　懒人的好处，众所周知，事先切好静态图片，提高访问效率云云。因此在投影坐标系（米）下的范围是：最小(-20037508.3427892, -20037508.3427892 )到最大 (20037508.3427892, 20037508.3427892)。</p>
<h2 id="u5BF9_u5E94_u7684_u5730_u7406_u5750_u6807_u7CFB_3A"><a href="#u5BF9_u5E94_u7684_u5730_u7406_u5750_u6807_u7CFB_3A" class="headerlink" title="对应的地理坐标系:"></a>对应的地理坐标系:</h2><p>　　按道理，先讲地理坐标系才是，比如球体还是椭球体是地理坐标系的事情，和墨卡托投影本关联不大。简单来说，投影坐标系(PROJCS)是平面坐标系，以米为单位；而地理坐标系(GEOGCS)是椭球面坐标系，以经纬度为单位。<br>　　经度：这边没问题，可取全球范围：[-180,180]。<br>　　纬度：上面已知，纬度不可能到达90°，懒人们为了正方形而取的-20037508.3427892，经过反计算，可得到纬度85.05112877980659。因此纬度取值范围是[-85.05112877980659，85.05112877980659]。其余的地区怎么办？没事，企鹅们不在乎。<br>　　因此，地理坐标系（经纬度）对应的范围是：最小(-180,-85.05112877980659)，最大(180, 85.05112877980659)。至于其中的Datum、坐标转换等就不再多言。</p>
<h2 id="u53C2_u8003_u8FDE_u63A5"><a href="#u53C2_u8003_u8FDE_u63A5" class="headerlink" title="参考连接"></a>参考连接</h2>
      
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